the real,,Chapter III

CHAPTER III

3.1 Recommendation
Metabolism is the means by which the body derives energy and synthesizes the other molecules it needs from the fats, carbohydrates and proteins we eat as food, by enzymatic reactions helped by minerals and vitamins.
This global statement masks the complicated network of enzyme- catalyzed reactions that occurs in cells. Although this page is devoted to diseases caused by errors in metabolic processes, there is actually a significant level of tolerance of errors in the system: often, a mutation in one enzyme does not mean that the individual will suffer from a disease. A number of different enzymes may compete to modify the same molecule, and there may be more than one way to achieve the same end result for a variety of metabolic intermediates. Disease will only occur if a critical enzyme is disabled, or if a control mechanism for a metabolic pathway is affected.
Probably the most troubling thing about metabolic disease is that it is something which is caused by our mismanagement of the cells or environment, or both. Calcium deficiency is actually a sort of generic term which represents only one of the possible causes for metabolic bone disease. MBD is generally caused by too little calcium, too much phosphorus, too little or too much vitamin D3, too little ultraviolet light (UV B), too little protein or a combination of these factors. Less common is MBD caused by disease of the kidneys, liver, small intestine, or of the parathyroid or thyroid glands When any of these deficiencies, excesses or organ dysfunctions occur, the normal metabolic processes of the body are disrupted and, as they say, bad things happen.
Almost diseases happen in human body caused by disorder of metabolic process. Human is out of control eating some food or drinking some drinks. Mismanagement can disturb the metabolic process. This is not only disturb but also make diseases. Many types of diseases caused by mismanagement metabolic process like adrenoleukodystrophy, diabetes type 1, Gaucher disease, Glucose galactose malabsorption, Hereditary hemochromatosis, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Maple syrup urine disease, Menkes syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, Obesity, Pancreatic cancer, Phenylketonuria, Prader-Willi syndrome, Porphyria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Wilson's disease, Zellweger syndrome etc.
So, the one way to make you far from metabolic disorder is diet and exercise. Here, more explanation about that:

3.1.1 Factors of metabolic rate
Your total metabolic rate is determined by:
1. The rate at which your body uses energy for vital processes, such as breathing (i.e. your basal metabolic rate, or BMR).
2. The rate at which you burn energy during physical activity.
3. The rate at which you burn energy during food digestion (otherwise known as the thermogenic effect of food).

3.1.2 Raise your metabolism with exercise
Raising your metabolic rate can be achieved by slightly altering your diet and lifestyle habits. Think of your body as a machine. Optimal fuel and maintenance ensure peak performance. The best way to jump-start your metabolism is by exercising. Exercise reduces body fat and increases lean muscle mass
. Aerobic exercise, like walking or cycling, has the added bonus of speeding up your metabolism for 4-8 hours after you stop exercising. Additional calories continue to be burned off long after you stop exercising.
3.1.3 Diet influences metabolism
As far as dietary habits are concerned, eating breakfast is essential! Your body is deprived of food during the night (essentially an over-night fast), which causes your metabolism to slow down. If your cells don’t receive sufficient nutrients post-fast, they will adapt—functioning less efficiently on smaller amounts of food. This will actually enable your body to store more fat to use during times of nutritional deprivation (like when you are asleep)! Eating six small meals a day keeps your body’s fuel supply consistent…and your metabolism revved up. Because your metabolism naturally slows down in the afternoon and evening, it’s important to avoid eating late at night.
3.1.4 Consistency is the key to maintaining a high metabolic rate
Consistency is important because your body metabolism adapts to your current weight. If you have been dieting or skipping meals your body's metabolism slows down to compensate for the lack of nutrients. When lean people overeat their metabolism speeds up and when obese people diet their metabolism slows down. The key is a balance of exercise and diet.
Eat fewer high-fat foods and less total calories. Choose healthy, nutrient-dense foods, such as lean protein and vegetables. Increase dietary fiber, but limit sugary foods and alcohol. The best foods to increase your metabolism and help you lose weight are fish, lean poultry, dark green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, fruits, whole grains (such as brown rice, barley and oats), and at least eight glasses of water a day. Your plate should contain at least a half of vegetables, a quarter of lean protein and a quarter of high fiber whole grains for optimal nutrition and performance.

3.1.5 You body metabolizes food differently
* Carbohydrates. When your cells need energy, they break down carbohydrates first. Then, they burn fat. And then, they burn protein. Your body converts carbohydrates into a form of sugar called glucose because it is most easily used as fuel by your body. Excess carbohydrates and fat are converted into fat for storage.
* Fat. Unfortunately, your body converts the fat you eat into body fat very efficiently. However, if you exercise and eat wisely you will burn those fat stores and increase your metabolism.
* Protein. A meal consisting of only protein can burn up to 25% of the calories of the meal itself in the digestion and absorption process. However, only eating protein inhibits the body’s ability to access the vital vitamins and minerals which are essential for optimum health. Although increasing your consumption protein may slightly increase your total metabolism, remember that the total thermogenic effect of food represents only about 5-10% of your total metabolic rate.
Altering your exercise and dietary habits on a whole is more important that eating more or less of certain foods.

3.2 Conclusion
3.2.1 RULES OF METABOLISM
1. Metabolism has to do with acquiring and using energy efficiency.
2. Most efficient energy users survive and reproduce their genes so that any advantage they had is continued on into the future in their offspring. As long as the environment that selected those genes stays the same (#survival of the fit) the offspring carrying those genes have a survival advantage.
3. Metabolism follows unbreakable physical laws. As far as we know, the physical laws that function in our part of the universe also function everywhere else in the universe. No one in a scientific laboratory as ever reported observing a "MIRACLE" where a natural law has been over turned.
4. To understand metabolism one must understand the components of metabolism and how they function together in living organisms.
5. For purposes of convenient discussion the chemical processes in living organisms have been divided into two groups; catabolism and anabolism.
6. Catabolic processes are those that result in large macromolecules being broken down into their smaller component parts. These small units may either be burned for energy or they may be used as building blocks for making new macromolecules.
7. Conversely, anabolic processes are those that use energy and simple building blocks to make new macromolecules for the cell. in reality all the chemical processes of a cell are always intertwined and work as a single coordinated unit, otherwise the cell is SICK.
3.2.2 Enzymes
All metabolic process is helped by enzyme. Enzyme is an important component in metabolic process. Enzyme takes important act in metabolic process.
Enzymes do everything in cell. Enzymes determine how a pathogen attacks a victim, and they determine how the host defends itself against a pathogen. Enzymes are responsible for every thought, action, feeling, and emotion-everything we do! EVERY ENZYME IS UNIQUE and has only ONE JOB to do. Consider a cell a living TOOL BOX. A bacterial cell contains about 1,000 different enzyme tools at any one time but may be able to make up to 4,000 different enzyme tools when required. Each of these tools has ONE PARTICULAR JOB to perform and they are limited to that one job only. My son, the amateur auto mechanic, has an expensive tool box to hold his many tools. As he repairs different cars, he must buy special tools for the different jobs (that's why your auto repair bills are so high!). A cow's enzyme-tool box contains a different set of tools for doing its "jobs" than does a human's "tool box". However, many of the tools are the same or nearly the same and all are variations on a few basic designs, modified slightly to fit cow parts rather than human parts & vice versa (e.g. metric wrenches & English wrenches have the same basic design).
3.2.3 Energy Production
Living organisms obtain their energy in one of two ways; either directly by the process of photosynthesis or indirectly from energy rich molecules. The sun is the source of energy for the majority of the life forms on earth, either directly by the trapping of light using various pigmented molecules, or indirectly from organic molecules formed in photosynthesizing organisms. A few prokaryotes are able to oxidize energy-rich inorganic molecules like sulfur, iron, hydrogen, ammonia and carbon monoxide and to trap the released energy in the form of organic molecules.
To obtain energy from energy-rich organic molecules eukaryotes and prokaryotes oxidize them. Oxidation consists of removing the electron/proton pairs from the energy source molecules and adding these electron/proton pairs to the oxygen atom to form water, which releases energy that is captured in an organic molecule called adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP is the energy battery of all living organisms. In photosynthesis the light energy absorbed by the pigments is also converted into ATP. ATP contains a chain of 3 phosphate molecules; requires chime, click on the molecule you want to see. The bonds between the last two phosphate atoms are said to be energy rich, in that the energy trapped in these bonds can be released by enzymes in a controlled manner so as to allow the construction of the energy-rich macromolecules of life. That is, ATP supplies the energy for the #anabolic processes in life. ATP is a small molecule that moves around the cell easily. Also it is stable (one can buy bottles of powdered ATP and store it for years in the freezer), but not too stable. If ATP's bonds were stable covalent bonds, it would be too difficult to extract useful energy from it, and if it was highly unstable it wouldn't last long enough to be used in the cell. The best analogy is that of an organic battery. Like flashlight or car batteries, ATP is portable and can be plugged into enzyme systems that require energy. As you now recognize, enzymes that make or use ATP have active sites into which the ATP binds so its energy is available as needed. In the synthesis of ATP a phosphate atom is added to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) in a process called PHOSPHORYLATION (ADP + Phosphate atom + energy = ATP).